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We’ve taken a look at a few different lighting technologies in past videos,

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but so far they’ve all been of the electric persuasion.

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However,
[match is struck]

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technology isn’t limited to the realm of electricity.

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This simple candle contains what was at one point a marvelous new invention:

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The self-trimming wick.

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See, most modern candle wicks are designed

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so that they curl as the candle burns away.

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That causes the tip of the wick to leave the body of the flame,

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allowing it to burn away in the oxygen-rich fresh air.

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And this is a surprisingly recent development.

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As late as 1800,

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people were lamenting how annoying wick trimming was.

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Imagine how annoyed you’d be if you needed special scissors

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to trim the top of your light bulbs every half-hour.

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See, the thing about a candle is the wick is not what’s burning.

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It’s the wax that burns.

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Candle wax is a solid, combustible fuel,

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and the wick is simply a clever way to get the fuel to melt, vaporize, and combust.

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Once liquid, capillary action causes the molten
wax to travel up the wick's fibers,

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and once near the top it will vaporize.

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The vaporized fuel mixes then with the oxygen-rich air,

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so it burns and creates a flame.

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The wick is just the fuel conveyance device,

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and the solid fuel is a convenient form factor.

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Before wicks like these were developed which could leave the flame’s path,

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the wick would simply get longer relative to the candle as it burned,

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or sometimes they’d form a sort of mushroom shape

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which disturbed the flow of the fuel.

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This made candles burn poorly,

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often with lots of soot or sometimes too intensely,

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so periodic trimming of the wick was required as
the candle wax was consumed.

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This hasn’t entirely gone away

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as anyone with an artisanal scented candle can attest.

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But this video isn’t about candles.

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Instead, it’s …

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well, OK, you saw the thumbnail and the title.

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It’s about these things.

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The hurricane lantern.

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Now that’s an interesting name, isn’t it?

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We’ll get to that.

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Now, I’ve always had a bit of a fascination with these things.

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They have such a distinctive shape.

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Why?

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What’s with all this metal piping,

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and especially this weird big thing up here?

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Shall we connect some technologies?

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Yes, please!

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But first…

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lights!

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Aghh! Ugh...

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A funny thing about the human experience

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is that we had figured out fire long before we had really

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**figured out** fire.

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And when we first thought we had figured it out,

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we were very wrong.

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See, we used to think things which could burn were phlogisticated,

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meaning they contained phlogiston.

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Ya know, the burny stuff?

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And when we burned it,

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it used up all the phlogiston,

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so it became dephlogisticated.

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Oh and fires? Well, they go out in enclosed spaces

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because the air can only take on so much phlogiston.

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I like that word quite a lot,

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but it’s, uh, wrong.

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It wasn’t until 1773,

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after Antoine Lavoisier had described combustion theory,

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that we knew how and why stuff burned.

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And once the science was settled, we could make improved devices

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using that newfound scientific understanding.

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Ain’t progress neat?

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But hold on, we’ve skipped something.

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Lanterns like this weren’t the successor to candles, exactly.

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Well, OK they... they kinda were…

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we gotta talk about oil lamps for a second.

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Before even the candle we were using oil lamps,

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but not like this.

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Ya know that story about the guy who rubs
a lamp

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and a genie comes out or whatever?

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Yeah, like, like that one.

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At least, that was one style of lamp.

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If you were ever like, "that’s a lamp?"

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Yes, that’s... that's a lamp.

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You’d fill it with some sort of oil,

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lots of oils will do the trick,

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and then you’d stick a piece of string or something through the spout.

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And once the wick soaked up the oil up you could light it, 
and there you go.

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A lamp.

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Only about as bright as one of these candles but hey,

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it was better than nothing.

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Oil lamps have been around for millennia,

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with the oldest known example dating back to 10,000 BCE, possibly earlier.

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And they hold a lot of cultural significance in many parts of the world

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and in many religions,

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so they’re still used but mainly ceremoniously.

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Anyway, the point is burning a liquid fuel with a wick

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actually predates the candle by a lot.

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As in, many thousands of years.

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This thing contains innovations that came
about thanks to our newfound knowledge of combustion,

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but the idea of using a liquid fuel was a return to form and not anything new.

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Ah but it’s not so simple.

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There’s also the fuel this burns, which was its own innovation,

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and there’s the fact that the flat wick incorporated here

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was an invention that predated Levoisier’s combustion theory.

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See, rather than just a piece of string or cord,

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a flat woven wick created a long flat flame.

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This produced a wide flame,

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almost like a wall of fire,

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which is considerably brighter.

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But it was first tried in 1770,

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a few years before combustion theory was put forth.

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As a matter of fact the first true innovation

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that can be pegged as a direct result of combustion theory

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was the Argand burner,

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which didn’t use a flat wick but a round one.

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Having heard this Lavoisier guy talk about
oxygen in the air being what drives the combustion process,

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François-Pierre-Amédée Argand was like

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[said in an inexplicably Southern-US accent]
“hey, what if I made a wick that had a big ‘ol hole in the middle

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so air could make it through the center of the flame?”

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And so he tried it.

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And it worked!

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The wick looked a little something like this.

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Now, don’t let the fact that this is green fool you.

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This is in fact a red herring.

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But, uh, we’ll burn that bridge when we get there.

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Anyway, a glass chimney placed around the wick

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provided a directed path for the air.

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It would enter as fresh air from below,

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the oxygen would be consumed by the flame,

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and the combustion byproducts would travel up the chimney,

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conveniently creating a draft to pull in fresh air from below.

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Since fresh air could also travel through the wick’s center,

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more oxygen was available for the flame.

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The result was that this new lamp burned much
more cleanly than lamps before it,

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and produced a flame 6 to 10 times as bright as a candle.

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Wow! Good work, Argand!

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Oh, and he also devised a way to raise and
lower the wick,

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which allowed for finer control over the flame’s size.

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Pretty clever, this Argand guy.

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However, being an invention of the 1780s,

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the Argand lamp still burned stuff like vegetable oils.

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The fuel delivery method wasn’t quite like what goes on here

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because oils of the time were too thick to simply be soaked up by a long wick.

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Oh, and speaking of oils of the time,

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experimentation eventually found that the best oil suited for the Argand lamp was,

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you may have guessed,

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whale oil.

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Now, for clarity, Argand’s new lamp

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wasn’t the first thing or indeed lamp that used whale oil.

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The whaling industry existed long before then,

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so it’s not like Argand was the Thomas Midgley Junior of whales.

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Probably didn’t help ‘em, though.

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He also wasn't Welsh.

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But now we’re going to ignore the tubular wick
 and go back to the simple flat ones

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because, well, that’s what’s in these things.

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And now let’s ignore these things

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and instead we're gonna talk about this Cracker Barrel-esque table lamp.

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And actually, ignore the lamp for a second.

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Kerosene.

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Which some of you call paraffin to be confusing.

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Although to be fair, the word kerosene was
derived from the Greek word for wax,

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which is keros.

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What a mess.

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Oh and also it’s jet fuel.

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But from here on out I’m calling it kerosene

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and it’s what’s in here.

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Kerosene has a convoluted history which I
don’t really want to get into right now,

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but it was among the first distilled petroleum
products

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and rather quickly superseded whale oil for illumination,

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which delighted whales the oceans over.

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It should be noted, though,

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that even relatively small cities had already moved away from 
liquid fuel lamps and lanterns

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as central coal gas supplies and distribution were pretty common by the time kerosene was invented.

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Kerosene lamps were mostly relegated to rural or small-town life,

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and wherever portable illumination was required.

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Which is probably why these lamps and lanterns

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evoke the incredibly specific Old West and country vibes they do today.

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They simply weren’t needed in the sprawling
metropolis of…

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Baltimore.

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Not exactly a joke, by the way.

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Baltimore had the first gasworks in the United States,

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built in 1816.

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At the time, Baltimore’s population was something around 50,000 people.

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These days that’s a pretty average suburb.

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Kerosene wouldn’t even be invented for another
30 years at least,

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depending on how you look at it,

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leaving plenty of time for the town-gas
industry to be copy-pasted from city to city.

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Oh, and also there’s camphine,

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a different liquid fuel made from turpentine and grain alcohol

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which saw use in-between whale oil and kerosene,

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so there’s that complication.

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But anyway, we’re all over the place here.

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As usual.

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So, uh, let’s get back to country-fried steak

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by looking at this thing.

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One of the reasons kerosene as a fuel was a big deal

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was that it could burn cleanly without producing soot.

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Earlier attempts at making kerosene-like fuels failed in this regard.

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But you’ll see that when I light this...

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Well,

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That's actually pretty smoky.

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I don't know how well you can see it.

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But that’s only because the chimney isn’t in place.

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Once I put it on,

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the flame changes shape, it stops producing smoke,

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and most importantly gets much brighter, too.

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With the chimney in place, the exhaust gasses have only one direction to go.

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Straight up.

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The shape of the glass also helps -

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the kink here creates a slight constriction

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which helps form a steady draft.

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And that draft does the most important thing for the flame.

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It pulls in fresh air from below.

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But it’s even more clever than that.

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Notice that there’s nowhere for air to enter
this space except for the slit in the burner.

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There are plenty of holes allowing air into
the burner itself,

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you can see them from below quite easily,

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but it must pass right near the wick in order to get out.

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The result is a forcibly-induced supply of
fresh, oxygen-rich air

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delivered right to the point of combustion,

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giving a bright, smoke-free, and stable flame.

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Now I want to note that you don’t always
see burners where the only source of fresh air is through the slit.

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Sometimes there are other holes down here,
which are mainly used to help cool the glass..

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However, what’s interesting about this is
that it is effectively a simplification

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of the Argand burner.

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After all, how beneficial is a hollow tube for a wick

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when you could simply pass fresh air over both sides of a flat one?

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Seemingly not a whole lot,
at least not in the age of kerosene.

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Tubular-wick designs didn’t go away, exactly,

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but it seems we were OK with the flat wick in most cases.

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Now, I’ve been trying to find a definitive
answer for who invented this specific burner

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and when.

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And, well, I was about to say 
“I’ve seen the same answer a few times in a few places

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but it’s not super well-sourced”

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but then I remembered patents are a thing and this appears to be the one.

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I wasn’t completely sure this was the first burner designed like this,

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especially since the patent opens with

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“My improvement relates to that class of flat wick lamps provided with a cone or deflector, such as is now in general use”

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and this part right here is called the deflector.

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Sounded like this was already an established thing.

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Except I kept reading!

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And I found…

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00:12:32,870 --> 00:12:34,046
typos.

245
00:12:34,046 --> 00:12:38,504
But more importantly, the inventor complains
about the current state of the art.

246
00:12:38,504 --> 00:12:43,380
“Thus constructed, experience has shown
that the combustion of the oil was imperfect,

247
00:12:43,380 --> 00:12:46,639
a large portion escaping in the room unconsumed,

248
00:12:46,639 --> 00:12:49,298
creating an exceedingly obnoxious odor,

249
00:12:49,298 --> 00:12:52,102
while the flame was far from being as brilliant,

250
00:12:52,102 --> 00:12:55,414
and hence as illuminating, as might be desired.”

251
00:12:55,414 --> 00:12:57,101
Ah, but he goes on.

252
00:12:57,101 --> 00:12:59,175
“These defects, it has been discovered,

253
00:12:59,175 --> 00:13:04,022
are in great measure to be attributed to the manner in Which the air is supplied to the flame

254
00:13:04,022 --> 00:13:06,471
on the inside of the cone or deflector.”

255
00:13:06,471 --> 00:13:07,650
Aha!

256
00:13:07,650 --> 00:13:09,096
And further on…

257
00:13:09,096 --> 00:13:13,972
“To obviate these defects and to provide
a flat-wick lamp that will give a clear,

258
00:13:13,972 --> 00:13:17,369
steady, and brilliant light with less consumption of
oil,

259
00:13:17,369 --> 00:13:20,363
or a more thorough combustion of the oil,

260
00:13:20,363 --> 00:13:23,926
is one of the objects of my present improvement.”

261
00:13:23,926 --> 00:13:26,068
This guy knows about combustion!

262
00:13:26,068 --> 00:13:27,388
Who is he?

263
00:13:27,388 --> 00:13:33,507
Well, this patent was submitted by Michael A Dietz in 1858.

264
00:13:33,507 --> 00:13:34,749
That’s right.

265
00:13:34,749 --> 00:13:36,001
That Dietz.

266
00:13:36,638 --> 00:13:38,402
Well, his brother anyway.

267
00:13:38,402 --> 00:13:41,945
Assuming the state of things as presented
in this patent is correct,

268
00:13:41,945 --> 00:13:47,136
not only were kerosene lamps prior to this one smelly obnoxious things,

269
00:13:47,136 --> 00:13:49,881
they could also sometimes explode

270
00:13:49,881 --> 00:13:55,753
because until Dietz came along, the only way anyone
had figured out how to keep the smell of this new fuel at bay

271
00:13:55,753 --> 00:13:59,535
was to seal the fuel tank as completely as possible.

272
00:13:59,535 --> 00:14:01,270
So pressure could build,

273
00:14:01,270 --> 00:14:04,734
there is after all a sizable fire right above it, and

274
00:14:04,734 --> 00:14:06,148
boom.

275
00:14:06,148 --> 00:14:10,928
It really seems like this was the first time
someone with a knowledge of combustion science

276
00:14:10,928 --> 00:14:13,371
tried to make a kerosene lamp.

277
00:14:13,371 --> 00:14:16,469
Or at least, a flat-wick kerosene lamp.

278
00:14:16,469 --> 00:14:18,338
And Dietz succeeded!

279
00:14:18,338 --> 00:14:21,749
OK but way back when the question I led with

280
00:14:21,749 --> 00:14:26,281
had to do with what the deal is with all this piping and stuff.

281
00:14:26,281 --> 00:14:29,321
Well, allow me to fill you in on the deets.

282
00:14:29,321 --> 00:14:33,971
While this lamp which would be at home on
a table next to a game of peg solitaire

283
00:14:33,971 --> 00:14:37,594
uses the same sort of burner that Dietz had come up with,

284
00:14:37,594 --> 00:14:40,688
this is what’s known as a dead-flame lamp.

285
00:14:40,688 --> 00:14:44,365
In still air, it burns brilliantly and steadily.

286
00:14:44,365 --> 00:14:45,878
But introduce some wind,

287
00:14:45,878 --> 00:14:47,603
even just a little bit,

288
00:14:47,603 --> 00:14:49,540
and things don’t go so well.

289
00:14:49,540 --> 00:14:54,011
Very little air disturbance is needed to throw
off the draft of this lamp,

290
00:14:54,011 --> 00:14:56,027
and indeed to blow it out.

291
00:14:56,027 --> 00:15:01,317
So, this design by itself was really only suitable for indoor use.

292
00:15:01,317 --> 00:15:05,197
And that’s what these lanterns were invented to solve.

293
00:15:05,197 --> 00:15:09,194
Except this design wasn’t the first successful one.

294
00:15:09,194 --> 00:15:10,408
That would be...

295
00:15:10,987 --> 00:15:12,265
this design.

296
00:15:13,654 --> 00:15:16,423
Now my fellow lantern aficionados and I,

297
00:15:16,423 --> 00:15:18,346
we call ourselves Dietz Nuts,

298
00:15:18,346 --> 00:15:21,141
can tell the difference apart from a mile away.

299
00:15:21,141 --> 00:15:25,198
Bofa deez (both of these) lanterns succeed at protecting their
flames from the wind,

300
00:15:25,198 --> 00:15:28,903
but the early design came with a serious drawback.

301
00:15:28,950 --> 00:15:32,557
Let’s take a look at how it protects the flame.

302
00:15:32,557 --> 00:15:36,557
Remember how in this lamp the air supply comes from below the burner?

303
00:15:37,020 --> 00:15:40,840
Well, take a closer look at where it comes from here.

304
00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:44,334
There are holes allowing air into the space of the glass volume,

305
00:15:44,334 --> 00:15:47,155
in this style of lantern that’s called the globe,

306
00:15:47,155 --> 00:15:50,743
but they’re not supplying the wick with combustion air.

307
00:15:50,743 --> 00:15:53,668
That still comes from the space below the burner.

308
00:15:53,668 --> 00:15:58,247
If we remove the burner we can see there’s
an open space above the fuel tank.

309
00:15:58,247 --> 00:16:01,382
And that space is connected to these tubes.

310
00:16:01,382 --> 00:16:04,755
Follow them and of course we end up at the very top.

311
00:16:04,755 --> 00:16:08,402
This design, which today we call the hot-blast lantern,

312
00:16:08,402 --> 00:16:12,493
was invented by John H. Irwin in 1869.

313
00:16:12,493 --> 00:16:17,783
It ultimately brings in fresh air for combustion from up here.

314
00:16:17,783 --> 00:16:20,548
You may see a problem with that idea.

315
00:16:20,548 --> 00:16:22,877
You’re correct to be concerned.

316
00:16:22,877 --> 00:16:24,791
But this does work.

317
00:16:24,791 --> 00:16:28,414
In front of a fan, the flame doesn’t stay steady by any means

318
00:16:28,414 --> 00:16:31,036
but it stays bright and doesn’t get sooty.

319
00:16:31,036 --> 00:16:33,742
It’s not impossible for the light to go out,

320
00:16:33,742 --> 00:16:37,555
but it has much more protection than the dead-flame design.

321
00:16:37,555 --> 00:16:42,391
Their knack at being wind-resistant is where
they get their name from, by the way.

322
00:16:42,391 --> 00:16:44,383
Hurricane lanterns.

323
00:16:44,383 --> 00:16:49,306
The flame stays lit because the globe itself
prevents wind from directly hitting the flame,

324
00:16:49,306 --> 00:16:54,605
and the length of the tubes serves as a sort
of shock-absorber for the flame’s air supply,

325
00:16:54,605 --> 00:16:59,407
slowing down any gust of wind that might make
its way into the tubes at the top.

326
00:16:59,407 --> 00:17:04,440
Additionally, the split in direction helps
ensure any air that does get blown in

327
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:07,455
gets applied to both sides of the flame equally,

328
00:17:07,455 --> 00:17:11,405
and doesn’t serve to blow it in one direction and possibly out.

329
00:17:11,405 --> 00:17:16,504
And although the perforations surrounding
the burner don’t help get oxygen to where the wick is,

330
00:17:16,504 --> 00:17:21,307
they do introduce air to the globe which keeps the glass from overheating.

331
00:17:21,307 --> 00:17:26,292
And, in a roundabout way, they probably do
end up providing necessary oxygen

332
00:17:26,292 --> 00:17:29,453
because of the glaring flaw in this design.

333
00:17:29,453 --> 00:17:33,445
So, uh, when something gets combusted

334
00:17:33,445 --> 00:17:37,165
the oxygen in the air that made that combustion possible

335
00:17:37,165 --> 00:17:39,193
gets used up.

336
00:17:39,193 --> 00:17:41,359
It ends up in combustion byproducts,

337
00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:44,181
mainly carbon dioxide and water vapor.

338
00:17:44,181 --> 00:17:48,487
And you’ll notice that the intake of the fresh air supply

339
00:17:48,487 --> 00:17:51,391
is directly above the flame.

340
00:17:51,391 --> 00:17:56,797
This lantern collects some of its exhaust
gasses and sends them back to the burner.

341
00:17:56,797 --> 00:18:00,133
Obviously we don’t have a perfect seal here by any means

342
00:18:00,133 --> 00:18:04,838
so enough fresh air gets introduced that combustion is still possible.

343
00:18:04,838 --> 00:18:09,169
But the recirculation of exhaust gasses isn’t ideal.

344
00:18:09,169 --> 00:18:12,238
I’m hoping this is visible on-camera but if it isn't,

345
00:18:12,238 --> 00:18:19,218
trust me that the flame of the hot-blast lantern is noticeably yellower than the dead-flame lamp.

346
00:18:19,218 --> 00:18:24,294
The fact that the wick is supplied with partially-spent
air in the lantern

347
00:18:24,294 --> 00:18:27,098
causes the flame to burn less intensely.

348
00:18:27,098 --> 00:18:28,866
This means it isn’t as hot,

349
00:18:28,866 --> 00:18:34,227
so the incandescing soot particles that make the flame visible
and ultimately produce its light

350
00:18:34,227 --> 00:18:38,930
are also not quite as hot, 
and thus they appear yellower and slightly dimmer.

351
00:18:38,930 --> 00:18:44,100
This is certainly a worthwhile trade-off for
wind-resistance, but it is a bummer.

352
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:47,573
Luckily we’d fix that just a few years later.

353
00:18:47,573 --> 00:18:50,650
Indeed the same person, John H. Irwin,

354
00:18:50,650 --> 00:18:53,936
would patent this design in 1873.

355
00:18:54,247 --> 00:18:58,450
Or rather, a design which uses the same principle, anyway.

356
00:18:58,450 --> 00:19:01,115
The drawings don’t look much like this at all.

357
00:19:01,115 --> 00:19:04,652
This new design, which today we call the cold-blast lantern,

358
00:19:04,652 --> 00:19:06,712
allowed for the best of both worlds.

359
00:19:06,712 --> 00:19:10,262
You’ll notice that now there is a seal at the top of the globe,

360
00:19:10,262 --> 00:19:13,570
and rather than a simple tube and funnel contraption

361
00:19:13,570 --> 00:19:17,150
we have this much more complicated chimney setup.

362
00:19:17,150 --> 00:19:21,389
However we have the same exact idea from the tubes downward.

363
00:19:21,389 --> 00:19:24,085
They end up in that same space above the fuel tank,

364
00:19:24,085 --> 00:19:27,293
and that’s how the wick gets its combustion air.

365
00:19:27,293 --> 00:19:33,450
The key difference in this lantern is that fresh
air and combustion air (spent air - script error!) no longer intermingle.

366
00:19:33,450 --> 00:19:36,954
Hot, spent air from the flame travels up the chimney,

367
00:19:36,954 --> 00:19:41,011
but that chimney is actually inside this larger collar.

368
00:19:41,011 --> 00:19:45,514
It’s now spring-loaded to put downward pressure
on the globe and keep it sealed.

369
00:19:45,514 --> 00:19:50,208
And the air-supply tubes are now open to the
space surrounding the chimney.

370
00:19:50,208 --> 00:19:52,097
And the difference is significant.

371
00:19:52,097 --> 00:19:54,646
Again, I’m not sure if this will be visible
on camera,

372
00:19:54,646 --> 00:20:00,271
but the flame of the cold-blast lantern is much whiter and brighter than the hot-blast.

373
00:20:00,271 --> 00:20:05,728
In fact, these lamps are burning the same
exact fuel and their wicks are the same size,

374
00:20:05,728 --> 00:20:11,329
so the only difference between these two is
the design of the lantern itself.

375
00:20:11,329 --> 00:20:15,507
Cleverly, the currents produced by the exhaust
gases leaving the chimney

376
00:20:15,507 --> 00:20:19,865
actually help pull fresh air into the lantern’s intake tubes,

377
00:20:19,865 --> 00:20:25,995
although I must admit I’m a little skeptical about that detail, 
or at least how it’s worded.

378
00:20:25,995 --> 00:20:32,132
I mean, the flame itself will create a low-pressure
area behind it as the exhaust travels upward,

379
00:20:32,132 --> 00:20:37,039
and that’s going to cause the atmosphere
to push fresh air into these tubes.

380
00:20:37,039 --> 00:20:41,550
I think the only real benefit here is the
separation of exhaust and intake

381
00:20:41,550 --> 00:20:44,248
but please do let us know otherwise.

382
00:20:44,248 --> 00:20:48,777
At any rate, that’s why these lanterns look like this.

383
00:20:48,777 --> 00:20:51,390
The knowledge of Lavoisier’s theory of combustion,

384
00:20:51,390 --> 00:20:57,435
Argand’s clever hollow wick with lifting mechanism for more complete combustion and flame control,

385
00:20:57,435 --> 00:21:01,192
Dietz re-imagining it for kerosene and flat wicks,

386
00:21:01,192 --> 00:21:04,213
and Irwin’s designs for wind-resistance

387
00:21:04,213 --> 00:21:07,143
ultimately combined into this lantern.

388
00:21:08,475 --> 00:21:10,925
Well, not this exact lantern -

389
00:21:10,925 --> 00:21:16,327
Dietz alone sold plenty of different models, in fact, here’s a larger one.

390
00:21:16,327 --> 00:21:17,573
The Blizzard.

391
00:21:17,573 --> 00:21:23,372
But this very recognizable design became the
de facto outdoor lantern

392
00:21:23,372 --> 00:21:27,484
of the country and other rural settings for decades.

393
00:21:27,484 --> 00:21:30,600
Oh, and one of the greatest benefits of this style of lantern

394
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:32,926
(more generally called tubular lanterns)

395
00:21:32,926 --> 00:21:36,295
is that it must be upright in order for it to work.

396
00:21:36,295 --> 00:21:38,976
If for some reason they become tipped over,

397
00:21:38,976 --> 00:21:44,051
they quickly become starved of oxygen and will self-extinguish in a few seconds.

398
00:21:44,051 --> 00:21:49,413
This is important because 
there’s a tank full of some flammable liquid down there

399
00:21:49,413 --> 00:21:52,708
and it will eventually start seeping
out no matter what

400
00:21:52,708 --> 00:21:57,848
so when a lantern is knocked over it’s best for it to go out as quickly as possible

401
00:21:57,848 --> 00:22:02,851
I’ve been looking for a definitive explanation
of why this happens without much luck,

402
00:22:02,851 --> 00:22:08,640
but I think a reasonably explanation is simply the
flame ends up stuck inside the deflector,

403
00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:13,559
so exhaust gases can't rise out of it and
instead they fill up the deflector and eventually

404
00:22:13,559 --> 00:22:16,526
the tubes, snuffing out the flame.

405
00:22:16,526 --> 00:22:21,147
Honestly I think this safety feature was kind of a happy accident.

406
00:22:21,147 --> 00:22:25,936
And now I want to talk about a rather sad fact about these lanterns.

407
00:22:25,936 --> 00:22:29,104
These are new.

408
00:22:29,104 --> 00:22:32,407
These are not antiques, and in fact...

409
00:22:33,275 --> 00:22:35,438
I got them from Amazon.

410
00:22:35,438 --> 00:22:41,801
Now it’d be one thing if these were sold for nostalgia’s sake or for emergency camping use

411
00:22:41,801 --> 00:22:46,767
but did you notice the holographic - or is this properly called prismatic? -

412
00:22:46,767 --> 00:22:48,942
anyway these stickers?

413
00:22:48,942 --> 00:22:51,783
That’s not Dietz being full of themselves or anything.

414
00:22:51,783 --> 00:22:53,774
In large swaths of the world,

415
00:22:53,774 --> 00:22:57,587
these are still in general use as everyday illumination,

416
00:22:57,587 --> 00:23:00,741
and to many folks this is a necessity of life.

417
00:23:00,741 --> 00:23:06,509
Knowing you got a real Dietz lantern and not
some knock-off is important.

418
00:23:06,509 --> 00:23:08,717
If this website I found is to be believed,

419
00:23:08,717 --> 00:23:13,769
the amount of kerosene used in these lamps and lanterns on an annual basis

420
00:23:13,769 --> 00:23:20,250
is about exactly the same as the annual consumption of jet fuel in the United States.

421
00:23:20,250 --> 00:23:22,835
Remember, jet fuel is essentially what these burn

422
00:23:22,835 --> 00:23:26,720
so that’s pretty much an apples-to-apples comparison oddly enough.

423
00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:29,534
Now that statistic is from a book from 2012

424
00:23:29,534 --> 00:23:32,839
and we’ve probably made some progress in that regard,

425
00:23:32,839 --> 00:23:36,270
but isn’t that, frankly, depressing?

426
00:23:36,270 --> 00:23:42,808
Huge numbers of people are stuck using what
is to us more than a century-old technology

427
00:23:42,808 --> 00:23:46,866
simply because electrification hasn’t yet made
it to their part of the world.

428
00:23:46,866 --> 00:23:47,900
And to be clear,

429
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:53,549
although the carbon emissions of that are way worse than I thought they could possibly be since, you know,

430
00:23:53,549 --> 00:23:56,486
it’s as bad as US air travel somehow,

431
00:23:56,486 --> 00:23:58,808
that’s not what concerns me at all.

432
00:23:58,808 --> 00:24:03,837
This is a humanitarian problem that we need to be fixing.

433
00:24:03,837 --> 00:24:10,010
Like, these are charming and interesting and historically notable but they’re also…

434
00:24:10,010 --> 00:24:11,325
bad!

435
00:24:11,325 --> 00:24:16,213
The reason I’ve not had them lit while shooting
most of this talking head is that…

436
00:24:16,213 --> 00:24:20,792
using them indoors is not exactly a great idea.

437
00:24:20,792 --> 00:24:26,286
Sure, they burn cleanly enough that we don’t
see soot, at least when properly adjusted,

438
00:24:26,286 --> 00:24:29,965
but they are still smelly and unpleasant to be around.

439
00:24:29,965 --> 00:24:34,126
And we know long-term exposure comes with significant health risks.

440
00:24:34,126 --> 00:24:37,932
Besides that, they’re still dangerous in the more immediate sense.

441
00:24:37,932 --> 00:24:44,773
Sure, they’ll go out if tipped over, 
but you’ll still have a puddle of kerosene to deal with if that happens.

442
00:24:44,773 --> 00:24:46,975
They’re very hot when running,

443
00:24:46,975 --> 00:24:51,984
refueling them is fiddly - I mean, the spout on these is really small -

444
00:24:51,984 --> 00:24:54,365
and like, it’s fire!

445
00:24:54,365 --> 00:24:56,783
Sure, it’s not an open flame which is good,

446
00:24:56,783 --> 00:25:00,109
but these can and do start fires.

447
00:25:00,109 --> 00:25:04,527
Thankfully organizations exist today that are doing the very overdue work

448
00:25:04,527 --> 00:25:07,671
of replacing these lanterns in the developing world.

449
00:25:07,671 --> 00:25:10,531
You’ve probably heard of some of them and
their clever ideas -

450
00:25:10,531 --> 00:25:15,935
like the GravityLight which uses the energy of a falling weight
to power an LED.

451
00:25:15,935 --> 00:25:17,142
And that’s the thing -

452
00:25:17,142 --> 00:25:22,066
these are brighter than you probably expect, 
especially if you’ve never used one before.

453
00:25:22,066 --> 00:25:26,594
But it’s still not much light, maybe 10
watts incandescent equivalent?

454
00:25:26,594 --> 00:25:28,042
Something like that.

455
00:25:28,042 --> 00:25:35,907
With efficient LEDs, a small solar panel and pretty small
battery can easily beat these by a lot.

456
00:25:35,907 --> 00:25:41,404
But anyway, these lanterns did not represent
the end-point of fuel-combustion for lighting.

457
00:25:41,404 --> 00:25:47,353
Although, sadly, after the cold-blast lantern
we never made that next logical step

458
00:25:47,353 --> 00:25:49,038
which would of course have been

459
00:25:49,038 --> 00:25:51,027
the Baja-blast lantern.

460
00:25:52,011 --> 00:25:54,901
However, this green herring from before?

461
00:25:54,901 --> 00:25:57,277
This is an Aladdin lamp.

462
00:25:57,277 --> 00:26:03,838
This kerosene lamp uses technology that was
developed right at the end of the road for gas lighting.

463
00:26:03,838 --> 00:26:07,162
This is an incandescent lamp.

464
00:26:07,162 --> 00:26:11,051
It's not electric, mind you, but incandescent.

465
00:26:11,051 --> 00:26:13,311
And we’ll explore it in a future video.

466
00:26:13,311 --> 00:26:14,999
Maybe even the next one!

467
00:26:15,433 --> 00:26:16,756
But you know me.

468
00:26:17,306 --> 00:26:18,640
Probably not.

469
00:26:20,406 --> 00:26:22,314
To close-out, I have two things.

470
00:26:22,314 --> 00:26:27,457
First, if the cold-blast lantern was such an
improvement over the hot-blast design,

471
00:26:27,457 --> 00:26:29,925
which for the most part it was,

472
00:26:29,925 --> 00:26:33,594
why didn’t the hot-blast design become obsolete?

473
00:26:33,594 --> 00:26:36,488
Well, this does actually have an advantage.

474
00:26:36,488 --> 00:26:38,790
The recirculation of the exhaust,

475
00:26:38,790 --> 00:26:41,419
while it does make it burn less intensely,

476
00:26:41,419 --> 00:26:43,632
makes the lantern more fuel-efficient.

477
00:26:43,632 --> 00:26:48,630
If you’re concerned about the cost of fuel
more than you are light output and quality,

478
00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:50,546
it can be a better choice.

479
00:26:50,546 --> 00:26:54,793
Also, they tend to be less smelly thanks to that recirculation,

480
00:26:54,793 --> 00:26:58,307
so they can be a better option for indoor-use,

481
00:26:58,307 --> 00:27:02,603
though honestly I don’t notice a difference between the two of these on that front.

482
00:27:03,095 --> 00:27:06,498
I take that back, when getting the B-roll shots it became apparent

483
00:27:06,498 --> 00:27:11,589
that the cold-blast lantern was *significantly* smellier than the hot-blast.

484
00:27:11,589 --> 00:27:14,950
Not that I would suggest you should use either one indoors.

485
00:27:14,950 --> 00:27:15,950
Seriously.

486
00:27:15,950 --> 00:27:19,659
It’s unpleasant to the point that I needed to take breaks.

487
00:27:19,659 --> 00:27:25,080
The second thing I want to mention is Irwin’s focus on pre-heating the combustion air.

488
00:27:25,080 --> 00:27:28,515
He touts that as benefit in both of his patents,

489
00:27:28,515 --> 00:27:32,119
but I think this was entirely misguided.

490
00:27:32,119 --> 00:27:36,821
I mean, anyone who knows anything about wasting
their money on car modifications

491
00:27:36,821 --> 00:27:41,959
will tell you that you need a cold-air intake for more power.

492
00:27:42,770 --> 00:27:50,610
Which is exactly why the intake of your car is already
as far forward as possible so it's away from the hot bits of the engine but anyway,

493
00:27:50,610 --> 00:27:56,237
the hot-blast lantern definitely does pre-heat
the air but the cold-blast…

494
00:27:56,237 --> 00:27:57,707
it doesn’t.

495
00:27:57,707 --> 00:28:00,247
Cold is in its name, after all.

496
00:28:00,247 --> 00:28:03,961
I mean, once it’s been lit for a while the
tubes do get pretty warm

497
00:28:03,961 --> 00:28:08,580
because they’re made of metal and partly touch the other hot metal bits up here,

498
00:28:08,580 --> 00:28:12,617
but at the bottom they’re barely warmer than ambient temp.

499
00:28:12,617 --> 00:28:15,577
Because only fresh air is going through them.

500
00:28:15,577 --> 00:28:18,812
In Irwin's’ original drawings for this design

501
00:28:18,812 --> 00:28:27,027
preheating the incoming air was obviously something he still wanted to accomplish despite separating the intake and exhaust.

502
00:28:27,027 --> 00:28:30,072
But I can't figure out why.

503
00:28:30,072 --> 00:28:35,335
I don’t know if he thought it was a logical
thing to do because of the success of the hot-blast lantern,

504
00:28:35,335 --> 00:28:39,672
and indeed in that patent he touts it as a benefit.

505
00:28:39,672 --> 00:28:41,484
But I don’t really get it.

506
00:28:41,484 --> 00:28:45,127
Maybe he thought warmed air was more supportive
of the flame?

507
00:28:45,127 --> 00:28:48,849
Or maybe there’s a real benefit to it that I’m missing.

508
00:28:48,849 --> 00:28:52,739
But I really don’t think it actually helps
make the lantern work better,

509
00:28:52,739 --> 00:28:57,832
and Dietz’s designs certainly don’t do much to heat
the intake air.

510
00:28:57,832 --> 00:28:59,864
It’s really just incidental.

511
00:29:00,472 --> 00:29:02,071
Anyway…

512
00:29:02,071 --> 00:29:03,535
toodles!

513
00:29:04,461 --> 00:29:07,091
♫ phlogisticatedly smooth jazz ♫

514
00:29:08,191 --> 00:29:11,527
Technology isn’t limited to the realm of
electricity.

515
00:29:11,527 --> 00:29:16,896
This simply candle contains what was at one
point a marvelous new invention,

516
00:29:16,896 --> 00:29:18,609
simplifying the li - *laughs*

517
00:29:18,609 --> 00:29:20,515
And it didn’t even light.

518
00:29:20,515 --> 00:29:21,432
However

519
00:29:21,432 --> 00:29:22,149
[match is struck]

520
00:29:22,902 --> 00:29:26,805
It is harder to light a match in complete darkness than you would think!

521
00:29:26,805 --> 00:29:27,305
However

522
00:29:27,305 --> 00:29:28,126
[match is struck]

523
00:29:29,255 --> 00:29:31,292
Failed to light a match again.

524
00:29:31,292 --> 00:29:32,455
Great track record.

525
00:29:32,455 --> 00:29:38,095
This simple candle contains an innovation
that was at one point a marvelous new invention,

526
00:29:38,095 --> 00:29:39,218
simplifying the…

527
00:29:40,086 --> 00:29:42,007
can’t even light a dang candle.

528
00:29:42,007 --> 00:29:46,676
...incorporated here was an innovation that
predated Levoisier’s combuston theory…

529
00:29:46,676 --> 00:29:48,641
conFORKIN' theory.

530
00:29:48,641 --> 00:29:52,810
Earlier attempts at making kerosene-like fuels
failed in this regard,

531
00:29:52,810 --> 00:29:53,310
but…

532
00:29:54,202 --> 00:29:55,453
[laughs]

533
00:29:56,958 --> 00:29:58,051
That was fun!

534
00:29:58,051 --> 00:29:59,910
Is there a burn mark?

535
00:29:59,910 --> 00:30:00,687
Oh, good.

536
00:30:00,687 --> 00:30:02,329
Table’s First Burn Mark!

537
00:30:02,329 --> 00:30:06,156
...was to seal the fuel tank completely as poss..

538
00:30:06,156 --> 00:30:07,391
As completely.

539
00:30:08,433 --> 00:30:09,151
Oops.

540
00:30:09,151 --> 00:30:11,335
My fellow lantern aficionados and I,

541
00:30:11,335 --> 00:30:13,404
we call ourselves Dietz Nuts,

542
00:30:13,404 --> 00:30:15,550
can tell the difference apart from a mi

543
00:30:15,550 --> 00:30:16,777
[breaks into laughter]

544
00:30:20,685 --> 00:30:24,099
..can tell the difference apart from a mile away.

545
00:30:24,099 --> 00:30:26,535
Bofa deez 
[breaks into laughter again]

546
00:30:30,327 --> 00:30:32,942
Now, my fellow lantern aficionados and I,

547
00:30:32,942 --> 00:30:35,478
we call ourselves...
[yet again fails to not laugh]

548
00:30:35,478 --> 00:30:40,095
Bofa deez lanterns succeeded 
at protecting their [he’s losing it] flames from the wind...

549
00:30:40,095 --> 00:30:40,803
[and more laughter]

550
00:30:40,803 --> 00:30:43,514
Bofa deez lanterns 
[lost it again]

551
00:30:44,151 --> 00:30:46,359
Bofa deez lanterns succe... 
[and there we go once more]

552
00:30:46,359 --> 00:30:47,334
Shoot.

553
00:30:51,618 --> 00:30:53,091
Well, that doesn’t work!

554
00:30:57,462 --> 00:30:59,459
Learn something new every day.

555
00:30:59,459 --> 00:31:02,014
...creates a long, flat flame.

556
00:31:02,014 --> 00:31:03,109
This produce…

557
00:31:03,515 --> 00:31:04,581
[brain.exe has stopped]

558
00:31:06,694 --> 00:31:10,631
As a matter of fact, the first true innovation can be pegged to…

559
00:31:11,673 --> 00:31:14,969
Glad that didn’t go out yet, ‘cause that was [throat clear]

560
00:31:14,969 --> 00:31:18,655
But anyway, we’re all over the place here
(as usual) so.

561
00:31:18,655 --> 00:31:19,304
[clunk]

562
00:31:19,710 --> 00:31:21,085
I forgot this is here.

563
00:31:21,490 --> 00:31:22,643
You’re really tall!

564
00:31:22,643 --> 00:31:25,530
Although to be fair, the word “paraffin”
was derived

565
00:31:25,530 --> 00:31:28,659
shhhh that’s the wrong word!

566
00:31:29,788 --> 00:31:32,936
I thought I had a good handle on how to light matches when I first set out to make this video.

567
00:31:32,936 --> 00:31:35,730
As you could see here, this turned out not to be the case.

568
00:31:35,730 --> 00:31:38,395
I honestly don't know where I went wrong in life.

569
00:31:38,395 --> 00:31:41,459
I guess for me, when I use a Diamond it'll be rough.

570
00:31:42,559 --> 00:31:43,868
See, it's a pun on "diamond in the rough."

571
00:31:44,563 --> 00:31:45,348
Shut up, it's hilarious.